Recent advances in super-resolution optical microscopy

Over the past several years, super-resolution (SR) optical microscopy has undergone rapid advances in both instrumentation and computational methodologies. This review summarizes recent advances in major super-resolution optical microscopy techniques, including single-molecule localization microscopy, structured illumination microscopy, and stimulated emission depletion microscopy, highlighting the improved spatial resolution, throughput, imaging depth, acquisition speed, and reconstruction fidelity. Innovations in both implementation schemes, labeling strategies, and image analysis are discussed for their potential to overcome key limitations of SR microscopy. Finally, the persistent bottlenecks and future perspectives of SR microscopy are outlined. These advances are expected to further expand the impact of super-resolution microscopy in life sciences, materials science, and translational biomedical research.