Applications and recent advances of 3D printing technology in bone diseases: A bibliometric analysis

Bone diseases, including osteoporosis, arthritis, and spinal disorders, pose significant global health challenges, especially with an aging population. Traditional treatment methods often fall short in addressing the complexity and variability of these conditions. Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has emerged as a transformative tool in orthopedics, enabling the creation of patient-specific implants, surgical guides, and anatomical models that enhance precision and personalization in treatment. Despite its potential, challenges such as regulatory barriers, high costs, and limited scalability hinder widespread clinical adoption.

This study aims to conduct a bibliometric analysis of the research landscape surrounding the application of 3D printing in bone diseases, identifying emerging trends, influential contributors, and knowledge gaps to inform future research and clinical translation.

This study analyzed publications on 3D printing in bone diseases from 2005 to 2024 using data from the Web of Science Core Collection. We performed co-occurrence mapping, keyword clustering, and citation analysis using CiteSpace, R Bibliometrix, and GraphPad Prism. We examined trends in research output, collaboration among countries and institutions, and thematic developments.

Between 2005 and 2024, 544 relevant publications were identified, with a rapid growth phase observed post-2016. China and the USA emerged as leading contributors, collectively accounting for over 50% of global research output. Key application areas included scaffolds for bone regeneration, tissue engineering integrating stem cell technology, and drug delivery systems. Keyword analysis highlighted "scaffolds," "tissue engineering," and "additive manufacturing" as central themes. Despite progress, challenges in standardization, material biocompatibility, and cost-effective manufacturing persist.

3D printing is reshaping research and clinical applications in bone diseases by offering innovative solutions for bone regeneration, surgical precision, and personalized treatment. Overcoming challenges such as regulatory complexities, scalability, and interdisciplinary collaboration is critical for full clinical integration. Future research should focus on advancing bioprinting techniques, optimizing hybrid manufacturing, and leveraging artificial intelligence -driven design for enhanced patient-specific outcomes.