Assessment of Current Gene Therapy Practices in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of primary liver cancer, and the fifth most common cancer world-wide. HCC is recognized as the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths world-wide, due to the lack of effective early diagnostic tools which often leads to individuals going undiagnosed until the cancer has reached late stage development. The current FDA approved treatments for late stage HCC provide a minimal increase in patient survival and lack tumor specificity resulting in toxic systemic side effects. Gene therapy techniques such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T Cells, viral vectors, and nanoparticles are being explored as novel treatment options in various genetic diseases. Pre-clinical studies using gene therapy to treat in vitro, and in vivo models of HCC have demonstrated potential efficacy for use in human patients. This review highlights genetic targets, techniques, and current clinical trials in HCC utilizing gene therapy.