A multi-omics perspective on bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a complex mood disorder with multifactorial biological origins, and omics research has been playing a central role in unraveling its molecular signatures. This chapter provides a descriptive overview of current multi-omics findings in BD, integrating evidence from genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, lipidomics, and metallomics. Across these omic layers, biological signatures have been proposed, including alterations in neuroinflammatory pathways, mitochondrial and energy-metabolism dysfunction, oxidative stress, neurotransmitter regulation, and lipid signaling. In this chapter, discoveries from each omics domain are summarized and points of intersection that contribute to a broader systems-level view of BD pathophysiology are highlighted. Focusing on the main molecular insights generated over the past decade, this chapter offers a multi-omics narrative that demonstrates how diverse biological processes interact to outline BD clinical features, course, and heterogeneity.