[Controversies and advances in pathological diagnosis of breast neuroendocrine neoplasms]

Breast neuroendocrine neoplasms represent a rare pathological entity. Iterative revisions of successive editions of the WHO classification criteria have resulted in poor interobserver consistency in pathological diagnosis. This review systematically sorts out the evolutionary trajectory of the histological subtyping of such neoplasms, comprehensively analyzes diagnostic challenges at the histological, immunohistochemical and molecular levels, and elaborates on the hierarchical diagnostic framework and differential diagnostic criteria proposed by the latest WHO classification. It aims to provide a theoretical reference for the pathological identification of this rare tumor, and facilitate standardized pathological evaluation as well as individualized precision diagnosis and treatment for mammary neuroendocrine neoplasms in clinical practice.