Neurorehabilitation for cognitive and motor recovery: mechanisms, interventions, and translational advances

This narrative review synthesizes recent advances in neurorehabilitation, focusing on mechanisms of neural plasticity, glial cell function, and interventions for cognitive and motor recovery. We explore multidisciplinary approaches, including cognitive training, motor rehabilitation, neurostimulation, and regenerative therapies, highlighting their translational potential. Special attention is given to clinically relevant rehabilitation modifiers and complications, including spasticity, frailty, and post-stroke epilepsy, alongside strategies for enhancing quality of life and social reintegration. Emerging technologies such as brain-computer interfaces, virtual reality, and robotics are discussed for their role in personalized rehabilitation. This review emphasizes evidence-based, patient-centered interventions to enhance functional recovery and quality of life, identifying future directions for personalized neurorehabilitation across stroke survivors, elderly, and frail populations.