Emerging promise in artificial vision research: Unveiling transformative potential through brain-computer interfaces

Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology has driven revolutionary advancements in the field of artificial vision, presenting new opportunities for individuals with visual impairments. This review summarizes the key technological developments, clinical applications, and future challenges of BCI in artificial vision. In the domain of signal acquisition, both invasive techniques (such as MEA, ECoG, and DBS) and non-invasive techniques (including EEG, MEG, fMRI, and fNIRS) have significantly improved signal resolution and stability. Advances in visual encoding have facilitated the more efficient transmission of visual information. Input BCIs, including technologies based on SSVEP and P300, as well as output BCIs involving motor and speech decoding, are progressing rapidly. Clinically, third-generation retinal prostheses (such as Argus II and PRIMA) have helped patients with retinal degenerative diseases regain partial light perception. Based on closed-loop neural feedback, it is expected to help patients with cortical blindness achieve the remodeling of the optic nerve. Nevertheless, technical challenges remain, particularly regarding the long-term stability of neural signals and biocompatibility issues. Emerging solutions such as anti-scarring nanocoatings, self-powered wireless systems, neuromorphic spike encoding, and multimodal sensory integration are addressing several of these challenges. Looking ahead, advancements in neuro-augmented reality are expected to further propel progress in the field. The future of BCI development will depends on continued interdisciplinary collaboration and global cooperation to drive innovation and provide more efficient, accessible visual restoration solutions for patients.