Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 17, 2026
Pioneering Patient-Specific Approaches for Precision Surgery Using Imaging and Virtual Reality
Published on: April 5, 2024
Artificial Intelligence in Facial Feminization Surgery: From Automated Analysis to Patient-Centered Virtual Surgical
Michel Beyer1, Florian Markus Thieringer1
1Clinic for Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; Medical Advanced Manufacturing Research Group (Swiss MAM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Hegenheimermattweg 167C, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland.
Abstract:
Facial feminization surgery is central to gender-affirming craniofacial care, combining skeletal and soft tissue procedures that align facial appearance with gender identity and improve psychosocial well-being. Because the forehead, supraorbital rims, orbits, zygoma, nose, mandible, and chin strongly shape gender perception, careful planning is essential. Virtual surgical planning enables 3-dimensional analysis, simulation, patient communication, and safe transfer of the plan to the operating room. Artificial intelligence may automate segmentation, measurement, and parts of planning, while classifiers, morphing, and predictive shape models can help individualize feminization goals, constrained by surgical safety, patient autonomy, soft-tissue uncertainty, and surgeon judgment.