Blood-transforming coating enables hemostasis and vascularized bone re-generation via bioactive gelation

Conventional bone repair materials often treat blood as an obstacle through physical isolation or passive hemostasis, overlooking its physiological role in the regenerative cascade. Here, we propose a "Blood-Transforming Coating" concept and engineer a functionalized microsphere system (GM/TCP@PEG). The NHS ester-coated microspheres rapidly crosslink with amino-rich blood components to form a robust hydrogel while covalently anchoring to tissue surfaces, transforming blood into a synergistic component that enhances material function. Structural characterization confirmed the core-shell architecture. In in-vitro experiments, the clotting time of GM/TCP@PEG was 15.43 s. Its clotting efficiency index was 4.79-fold that of uncoated microspheres and 15.8-fold that of commercial Yunnan Baiyao (YM). The clot mass was 1.63-fold higher than uncoated microspheres and 2.35-fold higher than commercial Yunnan Baiyao (YM). The shear strength measured on porcine skin reached 25.35 kPa, which was 5.39-fold that of the control group. The blood-derived hydrogel enabled sustained release of VEGF, PDGF-BB, and TGF-β1, promoting endothelial cell migration and tube formation. In vivo, GM/TCP@PEG microspheres achieved rapid hemostasis in rat liver, tail, and porcine liver/spleen hemorrhage models, and significantly enhanced bone regeneration via early vascularization in a rat critical-sized calvarial defect model. This blood-transforming strategy achieves synergistic hemostasis, adhesion, and pro-repair functions, provide a strategy with application prospects for tissue repair in complex hemorrhagic environments.