Bio-inspired micro/nano-structured interfaces in functional photoelectric devices

Interfaces govern how photons enter, propagate within and leave functional photoelectric devices. In solar cells, photodetectors and light-emitting diodes, small optical losses at outer surfaces, buried transport layers or emissive interfaces can determine whether a high-quality semiconductor stack reaches its device-level potential. Natural optical surfaces offer a compact design library: compound eyes collect light over broad angles, butterfly and feather architectures impose anisotropic scattering, moth and cicada wings suppress reflection through subwavelength topography, and lotus-like surfaces couple optical and wetting functions. This review develops a dimensional framework for bio-inspired micro/nano-structured interfaces in photoelectric devices. We classify the field into 0D discrete features, 1D anisotropic line-like motifs and 2D surface-wide periodic or quasi-periodic architectures, and compare how each class modifies light concentration, scattering, diffraction, guided-mode coupling, extraction and interfacial carrier dynamics. Representative examples in perovskite, organic and emerging semiconductor devices show that bio-inspired interfaces can improve current generation, responsivity, detectivity and external quantum efficiency without requiring a wholesale redesign of the active material. We close by identifying central materials challenges, including scalable patterning, structural durability, optical-electrical trade-offs, flexible-substrate compatibility and standardized benchmarking.