Multifunctional nonwovens: assessing the performance of lignin-modified regenerated cellulose fibres

Multifunctional lyocell fibres modified with lignin were obtained by co-dissolving hardwood sulphite pulp and eucalyptus kraft lignin (EKL) (9: 1 mass ratio) in N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide/H₂O (ca. 10% by weight of solids), followed by dry-jet wet spinning. The addition of EKL to the dope did not significantly affect its viscoelastic properties, spinning behaviour, or final fibre strength. Lignin occurrence in the fibres was assessed by confocal Raman spectroscopy. Laboratory nonwovens were manufactured using pilot carding and needle-punching machines. Thermally pre-treated nonwovens exhibited increased hydrophobicity, with water contact angles exceeding 120°. Fabrics produced from lyocell-type blended fibres exhibited excellent UV protection factor (UPF 50+), effective thermal management, and antimicrobial activity against S. aureus. These results highlight lignin as a multifunctional bio-based additive for man-made cellulose fibres, compatible with wet spinning and textile manufacturing processes, and confirm the suitability of cellulose-lignin blended fibres for a wide range of applications, from functional to technical textiles.