Biofermentation-induced cellulose integration for sustainable basalt-based organic-inorganic smart protective...

Sustainable wearable protective textiles integrating mechanical protection, monitoring, and visual feedback are desirable for healthcare and personal protection. However, multifunctional integration remains challenging because rigid inorganic fibers are difficult to integrate with conductive polypyrrole (PPy) and cellulose-based layers. Inspired by climbing plants, a biofermentation-induced cellulose integration strategy was developed to construct a basalt textile. Polypyrrole-coated basalt fabric was biofermented with bacterial cellulose (BC) to form a basalt/PPy/BC composite (BPB), the primary platform for mechanical protection and piezoresistive sensing. A self-assembled cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) layer was deposited on BPB to obtain basalt/PPy/BC/CNC (BPBC), adding structural-color feedback while retaining electrical responses. BPB exhibits an air permeability of 472.3 mm·s^-1, high mechanical robustness (maximum tensile force of 1390.6 N, 438.2 N bursting force, 24.4 N puncture force), good impact resistance (71.64% attenuation after 50 consecutive impacts), and piezoresistive sensing (-0.0448 and -0.0222 kPa^-1). With the assistance of a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN), the platform enabled real-time hazard warning (98.3% within-dataset accuracy). This work provides a cellulose-mediated strategy for multifunctional cellulose-based smart protective textiles.