Artificial intelligence and biotechnology for smart storage: Quality and safety perspectives in horticultural produce

Addressing the global challenge of postharvest losses in horticultural produce requires the continuous development of innovative strategies that integrate cutting-edge technology with fundamental biological knowledge. This review explores the synergy between artificial intelligence (AI), biotechnology, and traditional postharvest management strategies to improve the quality, safety, and shelf-life of fruits and vegetables (F&V). We examine the physiological and molecular mechanisms driving postharvest deterioration, including respiration, senescence, and host-pathogen interactions, while evaluating how AI-driven tools are advancing quality monitoring, predictive analytics, and supply chain optimization. Furthermore, we assess the potential of advanced biotechnological interventions, such as CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing and RNA interference techniques, to extend shelf-life and enhance the disease resistance in horticultural crops. By evaluating recent progress in these domains, we present integrated strategies that combine biological insight with digital transformation for sustainable postharvest management. The effective implementation of these approaches holds considerable potential to reduce F&V waste, enhance food security, and create horticultural supply chains that are more resilient to ever growing global production and evolving environmental challenges.