From Fiber to Electrode: Structure, Property and Advanced Characterization of Textile Carbon Electrodes for...

Iron-chromium redox flow battery (ICRFB) has attracted increasing attention for large-scale energy storage in recent years because of their low cost, abundant raw materials, and high safety. As the primary sites for electrochemical reactions, electrodes directly affect battery efficiency and operational stability. This review summarizes recent progress in electrode materials for ICRFB and discusses different categories of electrode materials, with particular emphasis on the characteristics and applications of woven and nonwoven electrodes. Multiscale modification strategies for improving electrode performance are also systematically reviewed, including approaches that regulate surface chemistry, active sites, conductivity, pore structure, and mass transport behavior. In addition, the applications of advanced characterization techniques, such as synchrotron-based methods and neutron imaging, in electrode analysis are summarized. These techniques provide deeper insights into the structure-performance relationships of electrode materials and offer guidance for future electrode design and optimization. Finally, this review outlines future development directions for ICRFB electrode materials. By integrating material design with structural optimization, this work provides useful guidance for the development of next-generation electrodes for redox flow batteries.