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Updated: Oct 25, 2026

A Gnotobiotic System for Studying Microbiome Assembly in the Phyllosphere and in Vegetable Fermentation
Published on: June 3, 2020
Deciphering microbial succession and metabolome remodeling underlying volatile flavor evolution during
Hongfan Chen1, Xiaohan Jia1, Zhuo Ma2
1College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.
Abstract:
Low-temperature and low-salt fermentation offers a promising solution to produce kohlrabi with improved nutritional and sensory attributes, yet the quality-forming mechanisms of low-temperature and low-salt fermented Chinese kohlrabi (LSCK) remain poorly resolved. Here, we applied an integrated multi-omics strategy to investigate the physicochemical, microbial, volatile and metabolic changes during LSCK production. The results showed that the physicochemical and textural properties of LSCK changed significantly during fermentation. Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) detected 75 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), from which 22 differential VOCs and 10 key VOCs were screened. Notably, samples fermented for 90 days exhibited higher levels of esters and lower levels of sulfur-containing volatiles. A total of 4068 metabolites were identified by non-targeted metabolomic, revealing 554 unique differential metabolites enriched predominantly in 5 core KEGG pathways, including the citrate cycle (TCA cycle) and alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) revealed that Leuconostoc (80.39% relative abundance) and Kazachstania (84.31% relative abundance in D45) dominated the early-to-middle stages of fermentation. Spearman correlation analysis indicated the correlations among microbial diversity, metabolites, and VOCS. Core bacterial (Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus) and fungal genera (Kazachstania) were strongly related to the biosynthesis of floral/fruity esters and free amino acids. This study contributes to further understanding of the quality formation of LSCK, and the production of new products of fermented Chinese kohlrabi.
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