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Updated: Oct 25, 2026

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Accelerated Green SN1 Reactions of the 9-Phenyl-9-fluorenyl Group
Kinshuk Ghosh1, Kajumee P Bora Bhowal1, Samaneh Zarei1
1Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Complexe des Sciences, B-3015, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, QuébecH2V 0B3, Canada.
Abstract:
Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN1) reactions are expedited by resonant acoustic mixing (RAM). 9-Phenyl-9-fluorenyl (PhF) halides were rapidly made from PhF-OH by RAM of concentrated toluene/mineral acid mixtures. By RAM of PhF-Br and Et3N in environmentally benign propylene carbonate, N-PhF-amino esters were synthesized from hydrochlorides, including serine and hydroxyproline esters without alcohol side-chain protection. Ester saponification with RAM gave efficiently N-PhF-amino acid. The RAM-assisted SN1 chemistry proved to be proficient for greener PhF installation.
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