Quantifying the Biophysical Properties of Red Blood Cells in Gaucher Disease

Gaucher disease (GD), the most common lysosomal storage disorder, alters red blood cell (RBC) mechanics and circulation, contributing to vascular occlusions, bone infarcts, and splenomegaly. However, the individual roles of GD-RBC biophysical properties in these processes remain unclear. Here, we present a combined computational-experimental investigation to quantitatively characterize GD-RBC biophysical properties and determine how specific mechanical parameters drive abnormal RBC behavior. Informed by experimental data, we independently quantify key RBC properties, including shear modulus (μ), surface-to-volume ratio (S/V), and bending modulus (k_c). Based on these parameters, we construct three GD-RBC subtypes (GD-RBC1-3) to systematically isolate their individual contributions. At the single-cell level, optical tweezers simulations show up to ∼27% reduction in axial diameter and ∼42% reduction in transverse compression. Tank-treading dynamics exhibit non-monotonic behavior, with rotation frequencies increasing by up to ∼70% or decreasing under elevated bending rigidity. In confined flow, traversal times through microchannel constrictions increase by more than a factor of two, while splenic slit passage times rise from ∼250 ms (control) to >1200 ms for the severe GD-RBC subtype-delayed passage rather than arrest, since every subtype eventually traverses, but a fivefold prolongation that makes these cells retention-prone. At the population level, viscosity simulations demonstrate that these alterations collectively elevate blood viscosity, with small fractions ( ∼4.0%) of highly rigid cells disproportionately increasing flow resistance. Overall, this study provides a quantitative and mechanistic framework that disentangles the contributions of key RBC parameters to abnormal behavior in GD, linking cellular-scale biophysics to hematologic dysfunction and microvascular occlusion.