Ion-doped multifunctional nanozymes for infected wound management: design strategies and functional applications

Infected wounds are difficult to treat because persistent bacterial colonization, chronic inflammation, and antibiotic resistance jointly impair tissue repair. Nanozymes offer high stability, tunable enzyme-like activity, and multifunctional integration, but single-function systems often cannot address the dynamically changing wound microenvironment. Ion-doped multifunctional nanozymes combine nanozyme-mediated catalysis with the biological functions of metal ions, providing a platform for coordinated antibacterial therapy, microenvironment regulation, and tissue repair. These systems regulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) through peroxidase-, oxidase-, glucose oxidase-, catalase-, superoxide dismutase-, and glutathione peroxidase-like activities, while multienzyme and cascade processes further support bacterial killing, biofilm disruption, and stage-dependent redox regulation. Released or bioavailable ions such as Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Fe²⁺, and Mn²⁺ can additionally disrupt bacterial membranes, metabolism, and redox homeostasis and, in some systems, contribute to inflammation regulation, angiogenesis, and tissue repair. This review uses "catalytic amplification-ion regulation" as an organizing framework to summarize antibacterial nanozyme activities, multienzyme/cascade strategies, and the relationship between ROS regulation and oxygen homeostasis in infected wounds. We further discuss the mechanistic basis of metal-ion interference, representative single- and multi-ion-doped systems, and current challenges in biosafety, clarification of individual mechanisms, therapeutic windows and clinical translation.