Probiotics as Emerging Immunoredox Modulators: Insights into the Microbiota-Mitochondria Axis in Oxidative and Autoimmune-Mediated Disorders

Research to date has predominantly focused on probiotic-induced microbiota modulation, anti-inflammatory effects, and generalized antioxidant activity. However, evidence regarding the role of probiotics in regulating the microbiota-mitochondria axis and its impact on immunoredox regulation remains fragmented and poorly characterized. This review discusses probiotics as immunoredox therapeutic modulators, rather than solely microbiota regulators, offering a conceptual framework with translational relevance. This manuscript explores how probiotics influence ROS/RNS production, Nrf2/NF-κB signaling, mitochondrial redox homeostasis, inflammatory immunometabolism, and antioxidant defenses in immune cells. Additionally, the review integrates emerging evidence linking these mechanisms to oxidative stress and autoimmunity. By focusing on mechanistic and translational aspects, this review aims to provide new insights into probiotic-based strategies targeting oxidative stress and immune dysfunction.