Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 28, 2026

Effects of a Novel Neuromuscular Training Intervention on Jump, Sprint, and Change of Direction in Adult Female Soccer Players
Published on: June 10, 2025
Effects of Core-Inclusive Physical Training on Clubhead Speed in Golfers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Hsing-Hui Liu1, Long-Huei Lin2, Ting-Yu Lin3
1Department of General Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500017, Taiwan.
Abstract:
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of core-inclusive physical training, either performed alone or combined with additional physical conditioning, on clubhead speed (CHS) in healthy golfers and to compare golf-specific swing-simulated core training (GSCT) with non-GSCT. Six primary electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PEDro) and Google Scholar were searched from inception to June 2026 for controlled trials. Continuous CHS outcomes were pooled using random-effects models as Hedges' g. Nine trials (220 golfers) were analyzed. Overall core-inclusive physical training showed a small, statistically significant effect on CHS (Hedges' g = 0.290, 95% CI: 0.031 to 0.549, p = 0.028; I2 = 0.000%). Subgroup analysis indicated that interventions incorporating GSCT showed a numerically larger effect (Hedges' g = 0.451, 95% CI: 0.073 to 0.830, p = 0.020) than non-GSCT (Hedges' g = 0.148, 95% CI: -0.208 to 0.503, p = 0.416). However, meta-regression for between-subgroup differences did not reach statistical significance (Q = 1.31, p = 0.252). Certainty of evidence according to the GRADE framework was rated as low for overall CHS and very low for the GSCT subgroup training. In conclusion, conditioning practitioners may implement comprehensive core-inclusive physical training to enhance CHS, while considering GSCT as a promising yet exploratory strategy pending confirmation from larger randomized trials.
Related Concept Videos
Exercise and Muscle Performance
Endurance exercises
Endurance exercises involve running, swimming, or cycling, which require repetitive movements with low force output. When a person engages in endurance exercise, a few noticeable changes occur in their skeletal muscles. For instance, the number of capillaries...
Motor Skills Development During Early Childhood
Inclusive Fitness
Exercise and Cardiovascular Response
Light to moderate physical activity initiates a series of interconnected responses in the body. The heart rate modestly increases in anticipation of the workout, followed by widespread vasodilation as oxygen consumption by skeletal muscles increases. This results in decreased peripheral resistance, increased capillary blood flow, and accelerated...
Factors Affecting Activity Coefficient
The activity coefficient value for an ion is close to one when the solution has almost zero ionic strength, i.e., when the solution shows close to ideal behavior. As the ionic strength of the solution increases from 0 to 0.1 mol/L, a decrease in the...
Chest Physiotherapy
Purpose
CPT is primarily used for patients with excessive bronchial secretions who have difficulty clearing...