Dynamic electrical double layers at semiconductor-liquid interfaces: from interfacial physics to energy, information...

Biological systems continuously exchange energy and information through coupled ionic and electronic transport processes. Understanding the interfacial mechanisms that bridge these two forms of transport is crucial for advancing next-generation healthcare technologies. Dynamic electrical double layers (EDLs) at semiconductor-liquid interfaces have recently emerged as a versatile platform for ionic-electronic transduction, providing a common framework that links energy and information. In this review, we provide a unified framework for understanding dynamic EDLs at semiconductor-liquid interfaces and discuss their emerging roles in energy conversion, information processing, and precision healthcare technologies. The development of interfacial electrostatic theories, spanning classical EDL models, the two-step EDL framework, and emerging concepts of triboiontronics and the iontrovoltaic effect, is critically reviewed in the context of the fundamental principles governing semiconductor-liquid interfaces. The mechanisms through which dynamic EDLs mediate energy conversion and iontronic information processing are subsequently analysed, highlighting their implications for emerging technologies in bioelectronics, biosensing, wearable healthcare, and medical diagnostics. Current challenges, unresolved questions, and future research directions are further outlined, offering a roadmap toward self-powered bioelectronic systems, intelligent healthcare technologies, and precision medicine platforms.