Exploring relapse experiences among polysubstance users: a qualitative study from Southern Iran

Relapse is a major challenge in recovering from polysubstance use. Despite the prevalence of relapse, few studies have addressed this issue. The present study was conducted to describe relapses from the perspective of the individuals with polysubstance use disorder. The present study is a qualitative, descriptive work. The participants consisted of the individuals with polysubstance use disorder who were selected by purposeful sampling from educational clinics in southern Iran from October 2021 to November 2022 (n = 25). Data were collected via in depth, semi structured, individual interviews. The data were analyzed via the conventional content analysis method. Four main themes emerged from the analysis: (1) Ambivalence, reflecting conflicting desires to continue or abstain from substance use; (2) Challenges in remaining abstinent, highlighting difficulties in coping with stress and life pressures; (3) Cognitive distortions of users, including illusions of control and rationalizations for substance use; and (4) Lack of comprehensive support, emphasizing insufficient family, social, and healthcare system support. Users' limited coping skills, pursuit of instant pleasure, untreated psychological disorders, identity instability, and inadequate access to health professionals increase relapse risk. Practical interventions, including psychoeducation workshops, structured relapse-prevention programs, and culturally sensitive counseling, can empower users and strengthen the knowledge and skills of healthcare providers. Policymakers should also consider integrating family and community support systems to reduce relapse rates.