Forkhead box N1 (FOXN1) in thymus and skin from molecular basis to clinical translation: a review
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Updated: Oct 31, 2026

Isolation and Transplantation of Different Aged Murine Thymic Grafts.
Published on: May 13, 2015
Wendi Tie1, Minwen Zeng1, Jiayi Zheng1
1Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1 Banxia Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201318, People's Republic of China.
Abstract:
Forkhead box protein N1 (FOXN1) is a pivotal transcription factor governing the development of the immune system and cutaneous tissues. This comprehensive review systematically elucidates the molecular structural features of FOXN1, with a particular focus on its essential biological functions within the thymic and cutaneous microenvironments. Specifically, it details the intricate regulation of thymic epithelial cell differentiation, cellular aging, and tissue regeneration, alongside its distinct impacts on skin homeostasis, local metabolism, and accelerated wound repair. Building upon this foundational biology, the article explores the broad clinical phenotype spectrum associated with FOXN1 deficiency, outlining its diagnostic and therapeutic value in conditions such as immunodeficiency, chronic skin disorders, and thymic neoplasms. Furthermore, it highlights cutting-edge translational strategies reshaping regenerative medicine, including FOXN1-based organoid construction and innovative targeted protein delivery systems. Ultimately, this review aims to provide a systematic, multi-disciplinary reference for understanding the pathophysiological significance of FOXN1, effectively bridging basic laboratory insights with advanced clinical applications.
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