Advances in osteogenic niche engineering: integrating topography and electrical cues for bone repair and regeneration

Bone defects caused by aging and trauma present significant clinical challenges, driving intense research into bone regeneration strategies. Cellular behaviour during bone repair is critically regulated by the sustainable biophysical cues of the bone niche, particularly topography and electrical signals. Recent advances in biomaterial engineering now enable the precise modulation of these microenvironmental factors-through tuneable topographical and electroactive interfaces-to promote osteogenesis. This review examines emerging evidence on the individual and synergistic roles of surface topography and electrical stimulation in bone regeneration, highlighting their potential as non-pharmacological therapeutic approaches.