Comparative study of gold nanoparticle synthesis routes using sodium citrate and tannic acid: Evaluation of biomedical applications

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) exhibit remarkable optical, electrical, and biological properties, making them highly desirable for biomedical applications. This study compared two distinct AuNPS synthesis routes: the Turkevich method, employing sodium citrate as a reducing agent, and a green synthesis method using tannic acid. UV-Vis spectroscopy and FTIR confirmed successful synthesis, revealing spherical, monodisperse AuNPs. Sodium citrate-synthesized AuNPs exhibited an average diameter of 19.40 ± 2.34 nm and demonstrated lower cytotoxicity, with cell viability of approximately 85.89%, suggesting suitability for drug delivery. In contrast, tannic acid-synthesized AuNPs had an average diameter of 9.56 ± 2.66 nm and reduced cell viability to approximately 40.56%, making them potential candidates for targeted anticancer therapies. Antibacterial assays revealed no significant activity for either type of AuNPs against tested bacteria, consistent with studies indicating that higher concentrations or larger particle sizes may be necessary for antibacterial effects. These findings emphasize the importance of tailoring AuNPs properties based on their intended biomedical use, with implications for enhancing sustainability and functionalization approaches.