Idiopathic concurrent pulmonary arterial and venous thrombosis: A rare entity

Concurrent presence of pulmonary arterial (PAT) and venous thrombosis (PVT) is an extremely rare entity as there is not much evidence in the literature. PVT is frequently associated with lung transplant or surgery. We describe two cases of idiopathic concurrent PAT and PVT with a literature review to highlight the difficulties of management and evaluation of these cases. First case describes a young female presented with lower limb venous thrombosis with subsequent course of PAT and PVT. Despite extensive investigations, no underlying cause was identified. Second case was a middle-aged female with recurrent pulmonary arterial and a new PVT. Both patients were initiated on lifelong anticoagulation therapy due to the recurrent nature and severity of their disease. This case series highlights the challenges associated with management and evaluation of this rare clinical entity. Further research is needed for better understanding of the underlying mechanisms and optimal treatment.