From theory to practice: a "Clarify-Bridge-Practice" seminar model for graduate medical trainees entering cardiovascular research

Graduate students in clinical medicine often possess advanced theoretical knowledge but struggle to translate it into testable hypotheses and feasible experimental designs-a "knowing-doing" gap particularly pronounced in cardiovascular physiology. To address this, we developed and evaluated a "Clarify-Bridge-Practice" (CBP) seminar model in a cardiovascular course with 87 graduate students across three cohorts (2023-2025). The intervention comprised three 80-minute seminars embedded within a 12-week course, covering: (1) causal inference and bias control, (2) critical literature synthesis, and (3) hypothesis-driven experimental design. Each seminar followed a three-phase structure: Clarify (15-minute case-driven lecture distilling core concepts), Bridge (20-minute structured scaffolding tools externalizing research reasoning), and Practice (45-minute team-based application to realistic cardiovascular cases, culminating in a mock grant defense). Outcomes were assessed via a research literacy scale, core knowledge test, rubric-scored proposals, and thematic analysis of interviews. Research literacy scores increased from 58.7 (SD = 9.3) to 78.5 (SD = 7.0) (P < 0.001); knowledge test accuracy rose from 51.8% (SD = 12.9%) to 84.5% (SD = 9.2%) (P < 0.001). Rubric scores (max 5) ranged from 3.8 (feasibility) to 4.5 (writing quality). Qualitative data indicated that scaffolding tools reduced cognitive load, while peer critique and mock defenses fostered deeper reasoning and a shift toward a researcher identity. The CBP model appears to bridge the knowing-doing gap for graduate students entering cardiovascular research, offering a structured, replicable pedagogy applicable to other clinical and translational science training contexts.