A cross-contextual model of student well-being (S-WELL-B): Having, loving, doing, and being

Student well-being has become an important focus in educational research, yet the field remains conceptually and methodologically heterogeneous. Existing approaches also differ in contextual scope: school well-being models focus primarily on educational settings, whereas broader models of human well-being address functioning and experience across life contexts.

This article proposes the Cross-Contextual Model of Student Well-Being (S-WELL-B), a multidimensional and cross-contextual framework for conceptualizing student well-being across school and non-school life contexts.

S-WELL-B is primarily informed by Martela's theory of human well-being and Konu and Rimpelä's school well-being model, while drawing on welfare, belongingness, social support, social cognitive, self-determination and eudaimonic well-being traditions. It comprises four interrelated domains: Having (access to sufficient resources), Loving (connectedness and relational support), Doing (competence and agency) and Being (psychological balance, self-worth and meaning). Hedonic and eudaimonic perspectives are treated as complementary, with eudaimonic aspects strengthened particularly within Being and Doing.

S-WELL-B conceptualizes student well-being as comprising four interrelated and constitutive domains: Having, Loving, Doing and Being. These domains extend across school and non-school life contexts, providing a common framework for conceptualizing student well-being across different areas of students' lives. The four domains are complementary and interrelated, without a predetermined causal hierarchy among them.

S-WELL-B provides a theoretically grounded and empirically testable framework for clarifying the structure of student well-being and for guiding future operationalization, validation and developmental research.