[Neurostimulation therapy for obstructive sleep apnea]

Continuous positive airway pressure （CPAP）, the first-line therapy for obstructive sleep apnea （OSA）, is frequently limited by inadequate adherence. Neurostimulation techniques, especially hypoglossal nerve stimulation （HNS）, offer effective alternative therapeutic options for these patients. Based on the latest evidance, this review systematically delineates the current landscape and research advances in neurostimulation therapy for OSA across four dimensions: anatomical and physiological foundations, clinical implementation and efficacy stratification, risk mitigation, and future directions. Despite challenges related to cost-effectiveness, accessibility is progressively improving through surgical standardization, programming optimization, and domestic technological development. Future development of this field will involve precision phenotyping, intelligent device integration, and systematic care pathways, thereby facilitating personalized therapeutic protocols for expanded clinical populations.