Mycoplasma bovis and the North American bison: current knowledge, challenges, and future directions

The North American bison is a keystone species of immense ecological, cultural, and economic importance, yet its long-term stability is increasingly threatened by infectious diseases such as mycoplasmosis caused by Mycoplasma bovis. First recognized in bison in the late 1990s, this disease differs substantially from its presentation in cattle, where M. bovis typically acts as a secondary opportunist. In bison, however, it has emerged as a primary pathogen, causing severe morbidity and mortality within herds, imposing significant economic losses on producers, and jeopardizing conservation and restoration efforts. Despite its profound impact on herd health and sustainability, progress in understanding M. bovis infection in bison has been steady but limited. Major gaps persist in epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic capacity, and effective control strategies. This review synthesizes the current state of knowledge on bison mycoplasmosis, drawing from peer-reviewed literature, government reports, and field management experiences. It addresses epidemiology, clinical and pathological features, diagnostic approaches, and current management strategies. Finally, it highlights key knowledge gaps and outlines future research priorities. The overarching goal is to provide a comprehensive, evidence-based resource for researchers, veterinarians, wildlife managers, producers, and policymakers, while underscoring the urgent need for targeted research to mitigate the threat of M. bovis to North American bison.