Actin remodeling by human RNA virus: mechanisms and targeted intervention

The actin cytoskeleton is a central dynamic network in eukaryotic cells which preserves morphology, motility, and intracellular transport. Extensive research has confirmed the importance of actin in RNA viral infection. Actin remodeling, as a core host mechanism exploited by RNA viruses, strongly affects viral replication and transmission efficiency. This article reviews the key regulatory molecules involved in actin dynamics. Based on this foundation, we focus on recent advances in the molecular mechanisms by which six representative human RNA viruses(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, influenza A virus, respiratory syncytial virus, dengue virus, ebola virus and human immunodeficiency virus) hijack the host actin network, revealing the actin hijacking pathways that RNA viruses tend to select. Finally, we further summarize the current status of research on antiviral compounds that target the actin signaling pathway. Given that targeting host factors offers the unique advantage of broad-spectrum antiviral activity, this strategy offers promise for overcoming drug resistance caused by high viral mutation rates. However, its clinical application still faces difficulties in balancing cytotoxicity and efficacy. This article intends to provide a conceptual framework for novel antiviral intervention approaches targeting actin.