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Reactions to tetanus toxoid.

W G White, G M Barnes, E Barker

    The Journal of Hygiene
    |June 1, 1973
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Tetanus toxoid injections can cause local reactions, particularly in women and with subsequent doses. Most reactions do not impair immunity, suggesting the toxoid antigen itself is the primary cause.

    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Vaccinology
    • Public Health

    Background:

    • Tetanus toxoid is a crucial vaccine for preventing tetanus.
    • Understanding vaccine reactions is vital for public health and patient safety.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the incidence and characteristics of reactions following tetanus toxoid injections.
    • To identify factors influencing reaction rates and assess their impact on immunity.

    Main Methods:

    • Recording reactions in a factory population after 6740 tetanus toxoid injections.
    • Analyzing local and general reaction rates based on injection number, demographics, and vaccine composition.
    • Conducting skin tests on hypersensitive patients to identify reaction triggers.

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    Main Results:

    • Overall reaction rates: 0.3% general, 2.6% local.
    • Local reaction rates increased with successive doses of the primary immunization course (0.9% to 7.4%).
    • Higher local reaction rates observed in women, increasing with age; booster injections had a 1.6% local reaction rate.
    • Lower toxoid concentration (10 Lf vs. 20 Lf) reduced reactions; adjuvant content did not impact rates.
    • Hypersensitivity testing suggested toxoid antigen, not impurities, as the main cause of reactions.
    • Most reactors maintained satisfactory antitoxin levels or developed immunity.

    Conclusions:

    • Tetanus toxoid reactions are generally mild and do not compromise immunity.
    • Demographic factors like sex and age influence local reaction incidence.
    • The toxoid antigen is likely the primary driver of hypersensitivity reactions to tetanus vaccines.