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Electrostatic effects on lipid phase transitions: membrane structure and ionic environment.

H Träuble, H Eibl

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
    |January 1, 1974
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Altering the charge density of lipid bilayers with pH or cations significantly impacts their phase transition temperature. Divalent cations stabilize bilayers, while monovalent cations fluidize them, influencing membrane structure.

    Area of Science:

    • Biophysics
    • Physical Chemistry
    • Membrane Biology

    Background:

    • Lipid bilayer phase transitions are crucial for membrane function.
    • Electrostatic interactions, particularly charge density, influence these transitions.
    • Gouy-Chapman theory predicts transition temperature decreases with increasing charge density.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the effects of pH and various cations on lipid bilayer phase transitions.
    • To systematically study phosphatidic acid bilayers due to their ionizable protons.
    • To compare the effects of monovalent and divalent cations on bilayer structure.

    Main Methods:

    • Studied phase transitions in lecithin, cephalin, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidic acid bilayers.
    • Manipulated pH to alter the charge per polar group of phosphatidic acid.

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  • Introduced mono- and divalent cations (Mg++, Ca++, Li+, Na+, K+) to observe their effects.

    • Main Results:

    • Increasing pH from 7 to 9 lowered the transition temperature of phosphatidic acid bilayers by ~20°C, consistent with theory.
    • Divalent cations (Mg++, Ca++) increased transition temperature by neutralizing charge, inducing ordered phases.
    • Monovalent cations (Li+, Na+, K+) decreased transition temperature, fluidizing the bilayer structure.

    Conclusions:

    • Small changes in ionic environment induce significant alterations in bilayer structure.
    • Monovalent and divalent cations exhibit antagonistic effects on lipid bilayer phase transitions.
    • Cation-induced membrane structural changes may be relevant to nerve excitation and sensory transduction.