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On some principles governing molecular evolution.

M Kimura, T Ohta

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
    |July 1, 1974
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Molecular evolution follows five key principles, including constant evolutionary rates for proteins and faster evolution of less critical molecular parts. These findings illuminate the mechanisms driving genetic change over time.

    Area of Science:

    • Evolutionary Biology
    • Molecular Evolution
    • Population Genetics

    Background:

    • Understanding the evolutionary trajectory of molecules is crucial for deciphering life's history.
    • Previous studies have provided fragmented evidence on the dynamics of molecular evolution.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To synthesize accumulated evidence and theoretical considerations into a cohesive set of principles governing molecular evolution.
    • To elucidate the population dynamics of mutant substitutions and their evolutionary impact.

    Main Methods:

    • Deductive reasoning based on empirical data from molecular evolution studies.
    • Theoretical modeling of population genetics principles related to mutant fixation.

    Main Results:

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    • Five core principles of molecular evolution were identified, including constant evolutionary rates for proteins (under functional stability) and accelerated evolution in less functionally constrained regions.
    • Conservative amino acid substitutions are favored over disruptive ones, and gene duplication is a prerequisite for novel gene function acquisition.
    • The fixation of neutral or slightly deleterious mutations, alongside the elimination of deleterious ones, is more prevalent than positive Darwinian selection for advantageous mutations.

    Conclusions:

    • The deduced principles provide a robust framework for understanding the patterns and processes of molecular evolution.
    • These principles highlight the interplay between functional constraints, mutation rates, and population dynamics in shaping molecular change.