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Three flies and three islands: parallel evolution in Drosophila.

H L Carson

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
    |September 1, 1974
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Evolutionary innovation allows organisms to adapt to new lifestyles, as seen in Drosophila flies. These fruit flies evolved unique breeding behaviors on tropical land crabs, demonstrating genetic potential for novel adaptations under specific environmental conditions.

    Area of Science:

    • Evolutionary Biology
    • Speciation
    • Island Biogeography

    Background:

    • Most organisms are evolutionarily conservative, remaining within established ecological niches.
    • The fossil record indicates that evolutionary innovation, leading to new modes of life, does occur.
    • Recognizing evolutionary innovation at the species level presents a challenge.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate how evolutionary innovation can be identified in the fossil record.
    • To examine instances of parallel evolutionary innovation within the Drosophila genus.
    • To propose a framework for understanding the genetic and environmental factors driving evolutionary breakthroughs.

    Main Methods:

    • Comparative analysis of Drosophila species and their ecological interactions.

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  • Examination of the fossil record for evidence of evolutionary transitions.
  • Phylogenetic analysis to trace the evolutionary history of innovative species.

    • Main Results:

    • Three distinct Drosophila species have evolved obligate commensalism with tropical land crabs.
    • These parallel innovations originate from different phyletic lines within the Drosophila family.
    • All three innovative events occurred on islands, despite Drosophila's continental abundance.

    Conclusions:

    • The genetic systems of many conservative organisms possess latent variability for novel evolutionary directions.
    • Specialized environmental conditions, such as island ecosystems, can facilitate the realization of this adaptive potential.
    • Parallel evolution in Drosophila provides a model for understanding the mechanisms of evolutionary innovation.