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Glucagon effects on the human small intestine.

G K Patel, G E Whalen, K H Soergel

    Digestive Diseases and Sciences
    |July 1, 1979
    PubMed
    Summary

    High glucagon levels temporarily inhibit small intestinal contractions and slow transit time in healthy volunteers. These effects on gastrointestinal motility are not seen at physiological glucagon concentrations.

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    Area of Science:

    • Gastroenterology
    • Endocrinology
    • Physiology

    Background:

    • Glucagon is a hormone primarily known for its role in glucose metabolism.
    • Its effects on gastrointestinal motility, particularly the small intestine, are less understood.
    • Investigating glucagon's impact on intestinal function is crucial for understanding digestive processes.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the effects of intravenously administered glucagon on small intestinal function in healthy volunteers.
    • To determine the dose-dependent effects of glucagon on jejunal contractions, transit time, and absorption.
    • To differentiate glucagon's effects from those of concurrent insulin and glucose level changes.

    Main Methods:

    • Healthy volunteers received intravenous glucagon via bolus injection and continuous infusion.
    • Plasma glucagon concentrations were monitored.
    • Jejunal contractions, intestinal transit time (mean transit time - MTT), and water/electrolyte absorption were measured.
    • Effects were correlated with specific plasma glucagon levels.

    Main Results:

    • High glucagon concentrations (>800 pg/ml) abolished jejunal contractions for over 4 minutes after a latency period.
    • Glucagon infusion (>720 pg/ml) caused jejunal dilatation and increased MTT.
    • Inhibition of water/electrolyte absorption occurred only at very high glucagon levels (>1760 pg/ml).
    • Effects on motility were independent of insulin and glucose changes.

    Conclusions:

    • Short-term, high-dose glucagon inhibits intestinal tone, contractions, and propulsion.
    • A significant latency period suggests glucagon does not directly act on intestinal smooth muscle.
    • The observed effects on motility occur at non-physiological glucagon levels.
    • Minor effects on absorption are limited to a narrow, high concentration range.

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