Segmental innervation of the chick forelimb following embryonic manipulation

A number of studies have shown that the segmental innervation of some muscles in the developing limb undergoes some modification during the earliest stages of ontogeny. These observations can be interpreted in support of the hypothesis that the motor axons and muscles are matched during this period of development. As a further test of this suggestion we have made a quantitative examination of the motor innervation of the chick forelimb under conditions of controlled abnormal development. Embryos were surgically manipulated at stages before the motor axons invade the limb. The operations were controlled such that forelimbs were induced with segments deleted or reduplicated or simply that a segment of the spinal cord had been deleted. In preparations with abnormal limbs the motor innervation of the muscles present was the same as for those muscles in the normal limb. Where a spinal segment had been deleted the limbs developed normally and their innervation was completed by the remaining brachial segments. These results suggest that any particular matching property of a developing muscle does not develop as a consequence of its position in the limb relative to those segments of the limb proximal to it. Furthermore, that some muscles which are normally innervated by two spinal segments can be completely innervated by one of those spinal segments, in the absence of the other, suggests that any matching between growing axons and developing muscle cells is hierarchical rather than strictly all-or-nothing.