'Oscopy' in children. Urethroscopy, cystoscopy and vaginoscopy

Recent advances in paediatric endoscopic equipment have simplified and improved paediatric urinary and vaginal endoscopy. Urinary endoscopy is usually performed when radiology has already demonstrated an abnormality; in the bladder mainly for further investigation, but in the urethra frequently for therapy as well. Vaginoscopy in childhood is usually more satisfactory using a panendoscope than a conventional speculum. The indications for endoscopy in childhood include most of the local pathological processes.