Effect of maternal ethanol administration on physical growth of the offspring in rats

To study the effects of maternal alcohol consumption on the postnatal growth and physical development of the offspring, female Sprague-Dawley rats (200-220 g) were assigned to one of 3 groups. Group I (alcohol) received alcohol in drinking water (up to 20% v/v) for at least 4 weeks prior to mating, and 30% (v/v) throughout gestation. Purina Lab Chow was ad libitum. Group II (pair-fed) received the same amount of chow as was consumed by alcohol-fed animals, and an amount of corn starch calorically equivalent to the amount of alcohol consumed. Group III (ad libitum) were given chow and water ad libitum. Postnatally all animals were given chow and water ad libitum until day 51 post conception (PC). During pregnancy alcohol provided about 28% of the calories in group I, and the total calorie intakes of the alcohol and pair-fed groups were approximately 60% of that of the ad libitum controls. Weights at birth of offspring of pair-fed and ad libitum control mothers are not significantly different, but the offspring of animals given alcohol show a weight deficit of 28%, compared to the ad libitum controls. During the ensuing four weeks weight shows no indication of catching up to the controls. Total length shows the same pattern as body weight. Skeletal and muscle measurements are significantly less (p less than 0.01) in young of alcohol treated mothers than in those of the ad libitum control mothers. Skeletal maturity in the alcohol group lags behind (p less than 0.01) that of the pair-fed and ad libitum control groups and catch-up is not evident to day 51 PC. It is concluded that young born to animals given alcohol prior to and throughout gestation are physically and developmentally retarded and fail to catch up to the controls during the first four weeks after birth, although not exposed to alcohol postnatally.