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Related Experiment Videos

Complement and complement-like activity in lower vertebrates and invertebrates.

N K Day, H Gewurz, R Johannsen

    The Journal of Experimental Medicine
    |November 1, 1970
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Cobra venom factor (CVF) induces erythrocyte lysis across diverse species, from mammals to invertebrates. This study reveals conserved complement-like activities in primitive serum components, aiding research in evolutionary immunology.

    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Evolutionary Biology
    • Biochemistry

    Background:

    • The complement system (C) is crucial for innate immunity in vertebrates.
    • Cobra venom factor (CVF) is known to activate the complement cascade.
    • Understanding CVF's broader biological activities can shed light on C evolution.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the lysis-inducing activity of purified CVF in a wide range of species.
    • To explore the functional conservation of complement-like activities in lower vertebrates and invertebrates.
    • To establish CVF as a tool for studying primitive complement systems.

    Main Methods:

    • Purification of cobra venom factor (CVF).
    • Hemolysis assays using erythrocytes from various species (mammals, amphibians, fish, invertebrates) in fresh serum.

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  • Inhibition assays using known complement inhibitors (heat, chelators, endotoxin, immune complexes).
  • Analysis of complexes formed between CVF, vertebrate sera, and invertebrate hemolymph.

    • Main Results:

    • Purified CVF induced erythrocyte lysis in mammalian serum and sera from lower vertebrates (hagfish) and invertebrates.
    • Frog serum showed enhanced hemolysis with CVF compared to hemolysin-sensitized cells.
    • CVF-induced hemolysis was inhibited by classical complement inhibitors, confirming C-dependence.
    • Interchangeable serum components were observed between vertebrate sera and invertebrate hemolymph in lysis assays.

    Conclusions:

    • CVF possesses broad lysis-inducing activity across a wide phylogenetic spectrum.
    • This activity mimics terminal complement component functions in lower vertebrates and invertebrates.
    • CVF serves as a valuable tool for investigating complement and complement-like activities in evolutionarily primitive species.