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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by producing...
Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...
Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 21, 2026

Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation
07:13

Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation

Published on: March 14, 2017

Idiopathic hypercalciuria and hyperparathyroidism.

P Adams, T M Chalmers, L F Hill

    British Medical Journal
    |December 5, 1970
    PubMed
    Summary

    Provocative tests revealed that 8 of 19 patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria had hypercalcemia, indicating potential parathyroid issues. Four patients with parathyroid adenomas and one with normal glands improved after surgery.

    Area of Science:

    • Nephrology
    • Endocrinology
    • Surgical Pathology

    Background:

    • Idiopathic hypercalciuria is a common cause of kidney stones.
    • The role of parathyroid glands in idiopathic hypercalciuria is not fully understood.
    • Provocative testing can help differentiate causes of hypercalcemia.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the prevalence of parathyroid abnormalities in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria using provocative tests.
    • To assess the effectiveness of parathyroid surgery in managing hypercalciuria associated with hypercalcemia.

    Main Methods:

    • Phosphate deprivation and chlorothiazide administration were used as provocative tests for parathyroid activity.
    • Neck exploration and parathyroidectomy were performed in selected patients.

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    Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
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    Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
    03:57

    Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy

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    Last Updated: Jul 21, 2026

    Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation
    07:13

    Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation

    Published on: March 14, 2017

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    07:12

    Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

    Published on: August 17, 2022

    Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
    03:57

    Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy

    Published on: July 14, 2023

  • Histopathological examination of parathyroid glands was conducted.

    • Main Results:

    • 8 out of 19 patients (42%) with idiopathic hypercalciuria developed hypercalcemia following provocative testing.
    • 4 out of 5 surgically explored patients had parathyroid adenomas.
    • One patient with "normal" glands responded to subtotal parathyroidectomy, while another with hyperplasia did not develop hypercalcemia.

    Conclusions:

    • Parathyroid adenomas are a significant finding in a subset of patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria presenting with hypercalcemia.
    • Surgical intervention, including parathyroidectomy, can be beneficial for select patients.
    • Further research is needed to clarify the precise role of parathyroid function in idiopathic hypercalciuria.