The cellular biology of megakaryocytes

Megakaryocytes show a pattern of cellular proliferation and maturation which is unique in mammalian biology. Cells mature to the point of cytoplasmic fragmentation in three major ploidy classes, 8n, 16n, and 32n and the three are fed from a precursor committed stem cell. Two-thirds of the cells belong in the 16n class, and approximately one-sixth in the 8n and 32n classes. The cytoplasm of cells in each ploidy class has a characteristic concentration of granules and demarcation membrane system which appears to be translated into the characteristic features of the platelet progeny from each class. These differ from normal young platelets. Megakaryocytes release fragments of cytoplasm into marrow sinusoids and these differ from platelets in that they do not have the peripheral microtubular bundle or sub-marginal dense tubular system. Transition from fragment to circulating platelet presumably takes place elsewhere in the circulation. With stimulation of platelet production, "stress" platelets are produced, from megakaryocytes which show changes with respect to content of polyribosomes, glycogen and membrane.