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Related Concept Videos

Cardiac Catheterization III: Left Heart Catheterization01:24

Cardiac Catheterization III: Left Heart Catheterization

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Left heart catheterization is an invasive diagnostic procedure used to evaluate the function and structure of the left side of the heart. It is generally performed to diagnose and treat cardiovascular conditions such as valve abnormalities, coronary artery disease, and congenital heart defects.Diagnostic and therapeutic purposesLeft heart catheterization serves various diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Assessing coronary artery bypass grafts.Evaluating coronary artery disease in...
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Anatomy of the Heart01:27

Anatomy of the Heart

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The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
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Anatomy of the Circulatory System02:03

Anatomy of the Circulatory System

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The human circulatory system consists of blood, blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, around the body, and back to the heart, and the heart itself, which acts as a central pump. The systemic circuit supplies blood to the whole body, the coronary circuit supplies blood to the heart, and the pulmonary circuit supplies blood flow between the heart and lungs.
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The Nucleosome Core Particle02:10

The Nucleosome Core Particle

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Nucleosomes are the DNA-histone complex, where the DNA strand is wound around the histone core. The histone core is an octamer containing two copies of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histone proteins.
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Measurement: Derived Units03:02

Measurement: Derived Units

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The International System of Units or SI system, by international agreement, has fixed measurement units for seven fundamental properties: length, mass, time, temperature, electric current, amount of substance, and luminosity. These are called the SI base units.
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Anatomy of the Intestines01:23

Anatomy of the Intestines

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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
Small Intestines
The small intestine is an ~7 meter-long tube with an inner diameter of just 2.5 cm. Since most nutrients are absorbed here, the inner lining of the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Intracardiac Echocardiography for Atrial Anatomy Assessment
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[Extensive calcifications of the left atrium].

F Fesani, D Medici

    Acta Bio-Medica De L'Ateneo Parmense : Organo Della Societa Di Medicina E Scienze Naturali Di Parma
    |January 1, 1982
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study reports on eight patients with severe left atrial wall calcifications and mitral valve disease. Surgical removal of calcifications alongside valve replacement is crucial to prevent post-operative complications.

    Area of Science:

    • Cardiovascular Surgery
    • Cardiac Pathology

    Context:

    • Extensive calcifications of the left atrial wall and mitral valvular disease present complex clinical and surgical challenges.
    • Eight patients with these conditions were analyzed for their clinical and surgical management.

    Purpose:

    • To report the clinical and surgical features of patients with extensive left atrial wall calcifications and mitral valvular disease.
    • To highlight the importance of surgical removal of atrial wall calcifications in addition to valve replacement.

    Summary:

    • Seven patients underwent mitral valve prosthetic replacement, and one patient received both mitral and aortic valve prosthetic replacement.
    • The study emphasizes that surgical excision of atrial wall calcifications is vital.
    • This procedure aims to mitigate risks of postoperative hemorrhagic and embolic complications.

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    Impact:

    • Provides insights into surgical management strategies for complex cardiac conditions.
    • Underscores the significance of comprehensive surgical intervention for improved patient outcomes.
    • Contributes to the understanding of preventing serious postoperative complications in cardiac surgery.