Interventional radiology of the liver and related structures

Although noninvasive CT scanning and ultrasonography have assumed a prominent position in the armamentarium of the radiologist, invasive procedures still play a complementary role in diagnosis and a primary role in the interventional management of liver diseases. Among the procedures detailed are hepatic artery embolization, transhepatic occlusion of bleeding esophageal varices, transhepatic cholangiography, and the removal of stones from the common bile duct.