Transmucosal implants of dense hydroxylapatite

Transmucosal application of implants of dense hydroxylapatite has been studied in a long-term animal experiment. Implants were loaded with crowns or removable restorations. It appeared that transmucosal implants adhered to bone similarly as in the submucosal application. The clinical aspect of gingival tissues around the implants was the same as that around the adjacent natural teeth. Histologically, there were indications for a good attachment of gingival tissues to the implants. Implants fractured due to fatigue failure of the ceramic material. Prestressing of the implants may be the solution to this problem. Failing implants can clinically be treated by submerging, removal, or substitution.