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Related Concept Videos

Bioavailability Study Design: Single Versus Multiple Dose Studies01:11

Bioavailability Study Design: Single Versus Multiple Dose Studies

Bioavailability studies are essential for understanding how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body. These studies assess the extent and rate at which the active pharmaceutical agent becomes available at the site of action. The design of bioavailability studies can involve single-dose or multiple-dose regimens, each with distinct advantages and limitations.Single-dose studies are the preferred approach due to their simplicity and reduced drug exposure for...
Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Stability-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence01:22

Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Stability-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

Generic intravenous (IV) drugs are considered bioequivalent to their branded counterparts due to their 100% bioavailability upon administration. However, variations in stability among different drug products can significantly influence their therapeutic performance, even if they are pharmaceutically equivalent.Cefuroxime, a prophylactic antimicrobial, is often used as a single-dose IV injection for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. A 3 g dose typically provides...
Bioequivalence of Drugs: Drugs with Multiple Indications01:09

Bioequivalence of Drugs: Drugs with Multiple Indications

The concept of therapeutic equivalence (TE) in drugs with multiple indications is complex. A generic drug may be therapeutically equivalent to a brand-name product for one specific indication, but this doesn't necessarily mean it's equivalent for all other indications. Evidence of TE in one patient group and bioequivalence shown in healthy volunteers can support—but not confirm—TE for other indications. However, definitive proof requires individual clinical studies for each indication due to...
Drug Accumulation During Multiple Dosing: Repetitive IV Injections01:21

Drug Accumulation During Multiple Dosing: Repetitive IV Injections

Calculating drug dosage and accumulation in multiple-dose regimens is crucial for achieving therapeutic efficacy while avoiding toxicity. This involves determining the plasma drug concentrations over time to optimize dosing schedules. The principle of superposition is fundamental in this process, allowing for the prediction of drug concentration in plasma following multiple doses based on single-dose data.The principle of superposition asserts that the plasma concentration-time curves from...
Drug Accumulation During Multiple Dosing: Intermittent IV Infusions01:24

Drug Accumulation During Multiple Dosing: Intermittent IV Infusions

Intermittent intravenous (IV) infusion is a method of drug administration where medications are delivered over short infusion periods followed by intervals of no drug delivery. This approach helps to prevent sustained high drug concentrations in the bloodstream, reducing the risk of adverse effects associated with prolonged exposure. Unlike continuous infusion, steady-state concentrations may not be achieved during a single dosing cycle but can be reached through repeated...
Determination of Multiple Dosing Parameters: Loading and Maintenance Doses01:25

Determination of Multiple Dosing Parameters: Loading and Maintenance Doses

A loading dose is an essential pharmacological strategy to rapidly achieve the target plasma drug concentration necessary for an immediate therapeutic effect. This approach is especially critical for drugs characterized by slow absorption or extended half-lives, where delaying therapeutic plasma levels could compromise treatment outcomes. By administering a loading dose, clinicians ensure a prompt onset of drug action, even for agents with complex pharmacokinetic profiles.Achieving steady-state...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Evaluation of Drug Sorption to PVC- and Non-PVC-based Tubes in Administration Sets Using a Pump
06:08

Evaluation of Drug Sorption to PVC- and Non-PVC-based Tubes in Administration Sets Using a Pump

Published on: March 11, 2017

Multidose vials versus single-dose vials: a study in sterility and cost-effectiveness.

N K Sheth, G T Post, T R Wisniewski

    Journal of Clinical Microbiology
    |February 1, 1983
    PubMed
    Summary

    Multidose injectable vials showed minimal bacterial contamination risk in nursing stations. However, their use as a cost-saving measure compared to single-dose vials was not consistently effective.

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    Published on: March 11, 2017

    A Clinical Trial Assessing the Safety, Efficacy, and Delivery of Olive-Oil-Based Three-Chamber Bags for Parenteral Nutrition
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    Disposable Dosators Intended for Dry Powder Delivery to Mice
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    Area of Science:

    • Microbiology
    • Healthcare Economics
    • Pharmacy Practice

    Background:

    • Multidose vials are commonly used in healthcare settings.
    • Concerns exist regarding microbial contamination and cost-effectiveness.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To assess the sterility of multidose injectable vials in nursing stations.
    • To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of multidose vials versus single-dose vials.

    Main Methods:

    • Collected 197 multidose vials from 10 nursing stations for sterility testing.
    • Conducted experimental contamination studies.
    • Compared the cost-effectiveness of multidose and single-dose vials.

    Main Results:

    • Bacterial contamination of multidose vials was not found to be a significant hazard.
    • The use of multidose vials did not consistently prove to be a cost-containment strategy.

    Conclusions:

    • Multidose vials appear safe from a contamination perspective in this setting.
    • Healthcare facilities should carefully evaluate cost-saving claims associated with multidose vial usage.