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Related Experiment Videos

Nitrofen: a review and perspective.

S S Hurt, J M Smith, A W Hayes

    Toxicology
    |December 1, 1983
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Nitrofen shows low toxicity in adult animals but causes liver tumors in mice and pancreatic tumors in rats. Pregnant rats and mice exposed to nitrofen experience neonatal deaths and birth defects.

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    Area of Science:

    • Toxicology
    • Environmental Health
    • Carcinogenesis

    Background:

    • Nitrofen has been commercially used for 20 years with limited reports of human skin irritation.
    • Acute exposure in mature, non-pregnant animals indicates low toxicity and no sensitization.
    • Skin absorption is significant with solvent-based nitrofen formulations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the toxicity and carcinogenicity of nitrofen in laboratory animals.
    • To assess the developmental toxicity of nitrofen in pregnant rodents.
    • To establish safe exposure limits for humans based on risk assessment.

    Main Methods:

    • Chronic dietary administration of nitrofen to mice, rats, and dogs.
    • Lifetime feeding studies to assess carcinogenicity.

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  • Developmental toxicity studies in pregnant rats and mice via oral and dermal routes.
  • Dermal absorption studies.

    • Main Results:

    • Chronic exposure led to liver toxicity and liver tumors in mice, and pancreatic tumors in female rats.
    • Developmental exposure in rats and mice caused neonatal lethality, diaphragmatic hernias, heart anomalies, and other birth defects.
    • Teratogenic effects were observed in offspring of rats and mice but not rabbits; effects were linked to maternal exposure during pregnancy.

    Conclusions:

    • Nitrofen poses carcinogenic risks (liver and pancreatic tumors) and significant developmental toxicity risks, particularly to pregnant rodents.
    • Established acceptable daily intake levels for humans to mitigate a 10(-6) tumorigenic risk.
    • Pregnant women require stringent exposure limits due to heightened sensitivity.