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On the central pattern generator for the basic breathing rhythmicity.

C von Euler

    Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, Environmental and Exercise Physiology
    |December 1, 1983
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Neural mechanisms of the breathing central pattern generator (CPG) are clarified. Inspiratory activity onset and termination involve specific medullary neurons and pulmonary feedback, with expiratory phases regulated by distinct inhibitory controls.

    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Respiratory Physiology

    Background:

    • Recent advances have illuminated respiration-related medullary neurons.
    • Understanding the neural basis of the central pattern generator (CPG) for breathing is crucial.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose new hypotheses on the neural mechanisms of the respiratory CPG.
    • To elucidate the roles of specific neuronal groups and activities in breathing control.

    Main Methods:

    • Review and synthesis of recent laboratory findings on medullary neurons.
    • Analysis of neuronal properties, synaptic potentials, and discharge patterns.
    • Integration of systems behavior with cellular mechanisms.

    Main Results:

    • Inspiratory activity onset results from disinhibition and excitation of premotor neurons.

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  • Ventrorostral medullary structures, including nucleus paragigantocellularis, integrate excitatory drive.
  • Off-switch mechanisms involve pulmonary stretch receptor input and intrinsic neuronal activity.
  • Expiratory phase is controlled by inhibitory activity and postinspiratory braking mechanisms.

    • Conclusions:

    • The respiratory CPG exhibits significant redundancy or "degeneracy".
    • Breathing control involves complex interactions between distinct neuronal populations and feedback loops.
    • Separate mechanisms govern inspiratory and expiratory phases, with specific roles for postinspiratory activity.