Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Protein Digestion

Protein Digestion

Protein digestion begins in the stomach, where the highly acidic environment can easily disrupt protein structure by exposing the peptide bonds of polypeptide chains. After polypeptide chains are broken into individual amino acids by a series of digestive enzymes, the amino acids are transported to the liver via the bloodstream to produce energy.

Protein and Protein Structure

Protein and Protein Structure

Proteins are one of the most abundant organic molecules in living systems and have the most diverse range of functions of all macromolecules. Proteins may be structural, regulatory, contractile, or protective. They may serve in transport, storage, or membranes; or they may be toxins or enzymes. Their structures, like their functions, vary greatly. They are all, however, amino acid polymers arranged in a linear sequence.
A protein's shape is critical to its function. For example, an enzyme can...

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...

Pancreatic Juice and Secretion

Pancreatic Juice and Secretion

Pancreatic juice is a clear fluid produced by the pancreas, containing water, salts, sodium bicarbonate, and enzymes vital for digestion in the small intestine. It helps break down large molecules, facilitating nutrient absorption.
When acidic chyme from the stomach enters the duodenum, it triggers the release of secretin, a hormone that prompts pancreatic juice secretion. After a fatty meal, cholecystokinin, another hormone, stimulates gallbladder contraction and enhances enzyme-rich...

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment primarily uses...

Production of Pharmaceuticals

Production of Pharmaceuticals

Industrial insulin production uses genetically engineered E. coli expressing a proinsulin gene controlled by a tryptophan promoter and containing a methionine linker for later cleavage. The cells also carry ampicillin resistance for selective growth. Seed cultures are stored at −80 °C and production begins by thawing a small amount to inoculate starter cultures, which are progressively scaled to a 50,000-L bioreactor. In the bioreactor, E. coli grow in nutrient-rich media under sterile, tightly...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Short-chain fatty acids induce tissue plasminogen activator in airway epithelial cells via GPR41&43.

Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology·2018

Same author

Chronic airway inflammation provides a unique environment for B cell activation and antibody production.

Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology·2016

Same author

Elevated presence of myeloid dendritic cells in nasal polyps of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.

Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology·2014

Same author

Reduced expression of antimicrobial PLUNC proteins in nasal polyp tissues of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.

Allergy·2012

Same author

Acute hepatitis and rash to fluconazole.

Allergy·2003

Same author

Hypersensitivity to IFN-alpha.

Allergy·2001

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

The Importance of Correct Protein Concentration for Kinetics and Affinity Determination in Structure-function Analysis

The Importance of Correct Protein Concentration for Kinetics and Affinity Determination in Structure-function Analysis

Published on: March 17, 2010

Proteins: chymopapain and insulin.

L C Grammer, R Patterson

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

|October 1, 1984

Summary

This study investigates allergies to chymopapain and human recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid insulin (HI). Findings suggest HI may not eliminate insulin allergy in sensitive patients, who will still need management strategies.

Area of Science:

Immunology
Pharmacology
Allergy Research

Background:

Allergic reactions to chymopapain and human recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid insulin (HI) pose clinical challenges.
Understanding the immunologic basis of these allergies is crucial for diagnosis and prevention.

Observation:

One patient experienced severe anaphylaxis to chymopapain intradisc injection; another had occupational allergic symptoms (rhinitis, asthma, urticaria).
Both patients showed immunoglobulin (Ig) E and IgG antibodies to chymopapain.
Prospective skin testing of 61 patients with chymopapain revealed no allergies.
Patients with systemic allergic reactions to animal insulin exhibited similar reactivity to HI and porcine insulin.

Findings:

Chymopapain allergy diagnosis and prevention strategies can be improved through further study.

More Related Videos

Extraction of Tissue Antigens for Functional Assays

Extraction of Tissue Antigens for Functional Assays

Published on: September 10, 2012

Coculture Analysis of Extracellular Protein Interactions Affecting Insulin Secretion by Pancreatic Beta Cells

Coculture Analysis of Extracellular Protein Interactions Affecting Insulin Secretion by Pancreatic Beta Cells

Published on: June 15, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

The Importance of Correct Protein Concentration for Kinetics and Affinity Determination in Structure-function Analysis

The Importance of Correct Protein Concentration for Kinetics and Affinity Determination in Structure-function Analysis

Published on: March 17, 2010

Extraction of Tissue Antigens for Functional Assays

Extraction of Tissue Antigens for Functional Assays

Published on: September 10, 2012

Coculture Analysis of Extracellular Protein Interactions Affecting Insulin Secretion by Pancreatic Beta Cells

Coculture Analysis of Extracellular Protein Interactions Affecting Insulin Secretion by Pancreatic Beta Cells

Published on: June 15, 2013

Human recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid insulin (HI) does not eliminate insulin allergy in patients with existing animal insulin allergies.

Desensitization to porcine insulin was successful in a patient who reacted to HI.

Implications:

Continued research is needed to identify populations at risk for chymopapain allergy.
Patients with systemic allergy to animal insulin will require ongoing management for insulin allergy, even with HI.
Understanding specific drug allergies is crucial for patient safety and effective treatment.