The role of calcium in lymphocyte proliferation. (An interpretive review)

A small quantity of extracellular calcium is required for the stimulation of lymphocytes by mitogens such as plant lectins. Lectin binding to the lymphocyte surface and early postbinding events that eventually lead to DNA synthesis are calcium dependent. Mitogenic lectins such as PHA and Con-A rapidly increase the size of an exchangeable pool of cell calcium and cause a smaller rise in intracellular ionized calcium. The increase in ionized calcium is so small (100-200 nM), however, that no increase in total cell calcium is measurable. When lymphocytes are stimulated by a lectin, the rate of calcium entry into the cell increases, but the plasma membrane calcium extrusion pump can prevent the total cell calcium from increasing measurably. The calcium ionophore A23187 is a lymphocyte mitogen and causes an increase in the exchangeable, ionized, and total cell calcium. The former two effects may be causal in mitogenesis; the latter effect is cytotoxic. With A23187 treatment, the rate of calcium influx exceeds the maximum rate of the plasma membrane extrusion pump and cell calcium increases in proportion to the concentration of A23187. The mitochondria, by virtue of their high membrane potential, provide a sink for the buffering of cytoplasmic calcium after A23187 treatment. Thus, the plasma membrane or mitochondria regulate the distribution of lymphocyte calcium when the cell is stimulated by mitogenic lectins or ionophores. The evidence strongly suggests that an alteration in calcium pools or an increase in cytoplasmic ionized calcium plays a role in the initiation of the biochemical reactions that lead to mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation in vitro and, perhaps, to the immune response.